Learn ADLaM – Winden Jangen ADLaM

Lesson 1

The ADLaM alphabet 𞤀𞤤𞤳𞤵𞤤𞤫 𞤀𞤁𞤂𞤢𞤃

The ADLaM alphabet (𞤀𞤤𞤳𞤵𞤤𞤫 𞤀𞤁𞤂𞤢𞤃) has 28 letters: 5 vowels and 23 consonants. It is written from right to left, and each letter has an uppercase and a lowercase form.

The name ADLaM comes from the first four letters, 𞤢 𞤣 𞤤 𞤥, the initials of 𞤀𞤤𞤳𞤵𞤤𞤫 𞤁𞤢𞤲𞤣𞤢𞤴𞤯𞤫 𞤤𞤫𞤻𞤮𞤤 𞤢𞤥 𞤥𞤵𞤤𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤: “the alphabet that protects a people from vanishing.”

Uppercase letters (𞤸𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤳𞤵𞤤𞤫) start a sentence and are used for names of people, places and months, and for acronyms. Example: 𞤃𞤭𞤯𞤮 𞤲𞤮𞤣𞥆𞤵𞤣𞤫 𞤆𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢. Everything else is written in lowercase (𞤤𞤫𞤧𞤳𞤵𞤤𞤫). Example: 𞤃𞤢𞤤𞤢𞤤 𞤴𞤢𞤸𞤭𞥅 𞤑𞤮𞤲𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤭𞤪𞤭

Practice

Which letter is “l”?
Which letter is “s”?
Which letter is “e”?
Which letter is “ƴ (yh)”?
Which letter is “j”?
Which letter is “t”?

Lesson 2

Vowels 𞤃𞤢𞤧𞤫 𞤯𞤫𞤲

ADLaM has 5 vowels (𞤥𞤢𞤧𞤫, singular 𞤥𞤢𞤧𞤢𞤤). A vowel with no mark is short. A long vowel carries a length mark (𞤨𞤮𞥅𞤯𞤢𞤤): 𞥄 on 𞤢, and 𞥅 on the other four.

	𞤢	𞤫	𞤭	𞤮	𞤵
Uppercase	𞤀	𞤉	𞤋	𞤌	𞤓
Lowercase	𞤢	𞤫	𞤭	𞤮	𞤵
Long	𞤢𞥄	𞤫𞥅	𞤭𞥅	𞤮𞥅	𞤵𞥅
Latin	a / aa	e / ee	i / ii	o / oo	u / uu

Length changes meaning, so always write it. 𞤫 and 𞤮 sound closed (like “é” and the “o” in “go”) when the next vowel is 𞤭 or 𞤵.

Short or long?

𞤸𞤭𞤪𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to snore	𞤸𞤭𞥅𞤪𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to spend the evening
𞤢𞤥𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to dance	𞤢𞥄𞤥𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to be lazy
𞤧𞤫𞤯𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to sift	𞤧𞤫𞥅𞤯𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to spend the dry season
𞤭𞤤𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to flow	𞤭𞥅𞤤𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to sneeze

Practice

Which word means “to dance”?
Which word means “to sneeze”?
Which mark makes 𞤢 long?
Which is the long form of 𞤮?

Lesson 3

Consonants and nasal sounds 𞤎𞤭𞤴𞤫 𞤯𞤫𞤲

ADLaM has 23 consonants (𞤰𞤭𞤴𞤫, singular 𞤰𞤭𞤴𞤢𞤤). Tap a letter to hear it.

Pular words can start with a nasal sound: 𞤲𞤣𞤭𞤴𞤢𞤥 (water), 𞤲𞤶𞤢𞥄𞤪𞤫 (sand). Nasal sounds are written with 𞤲, followed by a small mark called nyondal (𞤻𞤮𞤲𞤣𞤢𞤤), 𞥋.

Inside a word	At the start	Latin
𞤲𞥋𞤣	𞤲𞤣	nd
𞤲𞥋𞤦	𞤲𞤦	mb
𞤲𞥋𞤶	𞤲𞤶	nj
𞤲𞥋𞤺	𞤲𞤺	ng

The nyondal is left out:

at the start of a word: 𞤲𞤶𞤢𞥄𞤪𞤫
after a consonant with no vowel: 𞤩𞤫𞤴𞤲𞤺𞤵 (wife)
after 𞤲 with no vowel: 𞤺𞤢𞤲𞤣𞤢𞤤 (knowledge)
after a long vowel: 𞤱𞤫𞥅𞤲𞤣𞤵 (lake)

Practice

How do you write “njaare” (sand)?
How do you write “weendu” (lake)?
How do you write “bheyngu” (wife)?
Which letter sounds like “ny” in “tenure”?

Lesson 4

Double consonants 𞤅𞤭𞤣𞥆𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤

When a consonant is said twice in a row, it is doubled (𞤧𞤭𞤣𞥆𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤). ADLaM shows this with a mark called tchiddal (𞤷𞤭𞤣𞥆𞤢𞤤), 𞥆, above the consonant: 𞤣𞤣 is written 𞤣𞥆. Leaving it out changes the meaning.

𞤼𞤵𞤼𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to plant	𞤼𞤵𞤼𞥆𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to spit
𞤴𞤫𞤯𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to offer	𞤴𞤫𞤯𞥆𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to be strong
𞤸𞤵𞤩𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to sprain your ankle	𞤸𞤵𞤩𞥆𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to light (a fire)
𞤱𞤵𞤶𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to coat	𞤱𞤵𞤶𞥆𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤	to steal

A consonant with no vowel can also act like a tchiddal: it is silent and doubles the next consonant. 𞤧𞤢𞤯𞤼𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤 (to be expensive) sounds like 𞤧𞤢𞤼𞥆𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤.

Exceptions: 𞤤 𞤥 𞤧 𞤪 𞤬 𞤱 𞤲 𞤴 are always pronounced: 𞤸𞤮𞤪𞤣𞤫 (calabash), 𞤸𞤢𞤴𞤪𞤫 (pebble), 𞤶𞤭𞤥𞤦𞤢𞤤 (wall), 𞤸𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤵 (wind), 𞤤𞤫𞤧𞤣𞤭 (country).

The letter 𞤸 with no vowel after it makes the vowel before it long: 𞤧𞤫𞤸𞤪𞤫 sounds like 𞤧𞤫𞥅𞤪𞤫 (mountain), 𞤴𞤢𞤸𞤣𞤵 like 𞤴𞤢𞥄𞤣𞤵 (journey).

Practice

When two consonants are together, the first one is always silent.
𞤤 𞤥 𞤧 𞤪 𞤬 𞤱 𞤲 𞤴 are always pronounced.
The letter 𞤸 can make the vowel before it long.
In which word does no consonant act like a tchiddal?
Which word means “to steal”?

Lesson 5

Syllables 𞤅𞤭𞤺𞤢𞤲𞤯𞤫 𞤯𞤫𞤲

A consonant plus a vowel makes a syllable (𞤧𞤭𞤺𞤢𞤲𞤣𞤫, plural 𞤧𞤭𞤺𞤢𞤲𞤯𞤫). Every Pular word is built from syllables, read from right to left. Build your own below.

𞤣𞤢da

Consonant

Vowel

Long vowel (𞥄 / 𞥅)

Practice

𞤣𞤢𞥄 + 𞤣𞤢 = ?
𞤤𞤭 + 𞤣𞥆 + 𞤵 = ?
𞤥𞤵𞥅 + 𞤥𞤵 = ?

Lesson 6

Let’s read 𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤺𞤫𞤲

Read each group of syllables and words aloud, then the sentences. Tap a sentence to check its meaning.

𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤺𞤢𞤲𞤣𞤫 𞥑: 𞤣 𞤤 𞤥

Syllables (short, then long)

𞤣𞤢	𞤣𞤫	𞤣𞤭	𞤣𞤮	𞤣𞤵
𞤣𞤢𞥄	𞤣𞤫𞥅	𞤣𞤭𞥅	𞤣𞤮𞥅	𞤣𞤵𞥅
𞤤𞤢	𞤤𞤫	𞤤𞤭	𞤤𞤮	𞤤𞤵
𞤤𞤢𞥄	𞤤𞤫𞥅	𞤤𞤭𞥅	𞤤𞤮𞥅	𞤤𞤵𞥅
𞤥𞤢	𞤥𞤫	𞤥𞤭	𞤥𞤮	𞤥𞤵
𞤥𞤢𞥄	𞤥𞤫𞥅	𞤥𞤭𞥅	𞤥𞤮𞥅	𞤥𞤵𞥅

Words

𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤣𞤢	𞤣𞤫𞤥𞤢𞤤	𞤣𞤭𞥅𞤣𞤫	𞤣𞤮𞥅𞤤𞤫	𞤣𞤵𞥅𞤤𞤫
𞤤𞤢𞤣𞥆𞤫	𞤤𞤫𞤦𞥆𞤭	𞤤𞤭𞤣𞥆𞤵	𞤤𞤮𞥅𞤲𞤣𞤫	𞤤𞤵𞥅𞤥𞤮
𞤥𞤢𞤤𞤢𞤤	𞤥𞤫𞤤𞤭	𞤥𞤭𞥅𞤤𞤫	𞤥𞤮𞥅𞤣𞤭	𞤥𞤵𞥅𞤥𞤵

Sentences: tap to see the meaning

Practice

Which syllable has the same consonant as 𞤣𞤢?

𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤺𞤢𞤲𞤣𞤫 𞥒: 𞤦 𞤧 𞤨

Syllables (short, then long)

𞤦𞤢	𞤦𞤫	𞤦𞤭	𞤦𞤮	𞤦𞤵
𞤦𞤢𞥄	𞤦𞤫𞥅	𞤦𞤭𞥅	𞤦𞤮𞥅	𞤦𞤵𞥅
𞤧𞤢	𞤧𞤫	𞤧𞤭	𞤧𞤮	𞤧𞤵
𞤧𞤢𞥄	𞤧𞤫𞥅	𞤧𞤭𞥅	𞤧𞤮𞥅	𞤧𞤵𞥅
𞤨𞤢	𞤨𞤫	𞤨𞤭	𞤨𞤮	𞤨𞤵
𞤨𞤢𞥄	𞤨𞤫𞥅	𞤨𞤭𞥅	𞤨𞤮𞥅	𞤨𞤵𞥅

Words

𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤦𞤢	𞤦𞤫𞥅𞤤𞤭	𞤦𞤭𞤥𞤦𞤭	𞤦𞤮𞥅𞤦𞤮	𞤦𞤵𞤤𞥆𞤢𞤤
𞤧𞤢𞤨𞥆𞤮	𞤧𞤫𞤨𞥆𞤮	𞤧𞤭𞥅𞤤𞤮	𞤧𞤮𞥅𞤣𞤵	𞤧𞤵𞥅𞤣𞤵
𞤨𞤢𞤤𞤢𞤤	𞤨𞤫𞤽𞤫	𞤨𞤭𞥅𞤲𞤣𞤭	𞤨𞤮𞥅𞤥𞤢𞥄	𞤨𞤵𞥅𞤤𞤭

Sentences: tap to see the meaning

Practice

Which word has a doubled consonant?

𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤺𞤢𞤲𞤣𞤫 𞥓: 𞤩 𞤪 𞤬

Syllables (short, then long)

𞤩𞤢	𞤩𞤫	𞤩𞤭	𞤩𞤮	𞤩𞤵
𞤩𞤢𞥄	𞤩𞤫𞥅	𞤩𞤭𞥅	𞤩𞤮𞥅	𞤩𞤵𞥅
𞤪𞤢	𞤪𞤫	𞤪𞤭	𞤪𞤮	𞤪𞤵
𞤪𞤢𞥄	𞤪𞤫𞥅	𞤪𞤭𞥅	𞤪𞤮𞥅	𞤪𞤵𞥅
𞤬𞤢	𞤬𞤫	𞤬𞤭	𞤬𞤮	𞤬𞤵
𞤬𞤢𞥄	𞤬𞤫𞥅	𞤬𞤭𞥅	𞤬𞤮𞥅	𞤬𞤵𞥅

Words

𞤩𞤢𞥄𞤪𞤮	𞤩𞤫𞤪𞤲𞤣𞤫	𞤩𞤭𞤪𞤢	𞤩𞤮𞤤𞤮	𞤩𞤵𞤤𞥆𞤭
𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤩𞤮	𞤪𞤫𞥅𞤣𞤵	𞤪𞤭𞤩𞤮	𞤪𞤮𞤱𞤢𞤲𞤭	𞤪𞤵𞤬𞤵
𞤬𞤢𞤤𞤮	𞤬𞤫𞤼𞤮	𞤬𞤭𞤪𞤮	𞤬𞤮𞤲𞤺𞤮	𞤬𞤵𞤼𞤵

Sentences: tap to see the meaning

Practice

Complete: 𞤈𞤢𞥄𞤥𞤢 𞤲𞤮 ___ 𞤥𞤢𞥄𞤪𞤮 (Rama is growing rice)

𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤺𞤢𞤲𞤣𞤫 𞥔: 𞤯 𞤰 𞤱

Syllables (short, then long)

𞤯𞤢	𞤯𞤫	𞤯𞤭	𞤯𞤮	𞤯𞤵
𞤯𞤢𞥄	𞤯𞤫𞥅	𞤯𞤭𞥅	𞤯𞤮𞥅	𞤯𞤵𞥅
𞤰𞤢	𞤰𞤫	𞤰𞤭	𞤰𞤮	𞤰𞤵
𞤰𞤢𞥄	𞤰𞤫𞥅	𞤰𞤭𞥅	𞤰𞤮𞥅	𞤰𞤵𞥅
𞤱𞤢	𞤱𞤫	𞤱𞤭	𞤱𞤮	𞤱𞤵
𞤱𞤢𞥄	𞤱𞤫𞥅	𞤱𞤭𞥅	𞤱𞤮𞥅	𞤱𞤵𞥅

Words

𞤯𞤢𞤯𞤮𞤤	𞤯𞤫𞤪𞤮𞤤	𞤯𞤭𞤯𞤭	𞤯𞤮𞥅𞤳𞤮	𞤯𞤵𞥅𞤪𞤫
𞤰𞤢𞤱𞤢𞤤	𞤰𞤫𞤪𞤢	𞤰𞤭𞤴𞤢𞤤	𞤰𞤮𞥅𞤤𞤣𞤫	𞤰𞤵𞤲𞤣𞤭
𞤱𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤵	𞤱𞤫𞤪𞤤𞤢	𞤱𞤭𞤳𞥆𞤮	𞤱𞤮𞤯𞤢	𞤱𞤵𞤪𞤮

Sentences: tap to see the meaning

Practice

What does 𞤱𞤮𞤴𞤲𞤣𞤵 mean?
What does 𞤱𞤵𞤪𞤮 mean?

𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤺𞤢𞤲𞤣𞤫 𞥕: 𞤲 𞤳 𞤴 · 𞤶 𞤷 𞤸

Syllables (short, then long)

𞤲𞤢	𞤲𞤫	𞤲𞤭	𞤲𞤮	𞤲𞤵
𞤲𞤢𞥄	𞤲𞤫𞥅	𞤲𞤭𞥅	𞤲𞤮𞥅	𞤲𞤵𞥅
𞤳𞤢	𞤳𞤫	𞤳𞤭	𞤳𞤮	𞤳𞤵
𞤳𞤢𞥄	𞤳𞤫𞥅	𞤳𞤭𞥅	𞤳𞤮𞥅	𞤳𞤵𞥅
𞤴𞤢	𞤴𞤫	𞤴𞤭	𞤴𞤮	𞤴𞤵
𞤴𞤢𞥄	𞤴𞤫𞥅	𞤴𞤭𞥅	𞤴𞤮𞥅	𞤴𞤵𞥅

Words

𞤲𞤢𞤺𞥆𞤫	𞤲𞤫𞥅𞤲𞤫	𞤲𞤭𞤩𞤪𞤫	𞤲𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤢	𞤲𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤤
𞤳𞤢𞤤𞤢	𞤳𞤫𞤤𞥆𞤫	𞤳𞤭𞤲𞤢𞤤	𞤳𞤮𞤯𞤮	𞤳𞤵𞤪𞤢𞤤
𞤴𞤢𞤸𞤪𞤫	𞤴𞤫𞤪𞤮	𞤴𞤭𞥅𞤪𞤣𞤫	𞤴𞤮𞤺𞤢	𞤴𞤵𞤤𞤲𞤣𞤫

Sentences: tap to see the meaning

Practice

Which word means “cow”?
What does 𞤳𞤮𞤯𞤮 mean?

𞤔𞤢𞤲𞤺𞤢𞤲𞤣𞤫 𞥖 · 𞥗: 𞤹 𞤺 𞤻 · 𞤼 𞤽

Practice

What does 𞤻𞤫𞤦𞥆𞤫 mean?
What does 𞤼𞤫𞥅𞤱𞤵 mean?
What does 𞤣𞤫𞤬𞤼𞤫𞤪𞤫 mean?
Unscramble 𞤫 - 𞤺 - 𞤺 - 𞤲 - 𞤢 (an animal)

Lesson 7

Numbers 𞤂𞤭𞤥𞤮𞥅𞤶𞤫 𞤯𞤫𞤲

ADLaM has its own digits. Numbers are written and read from right to left, like the letters, starting with the largest place value on the right.

		Pular	Latin
𞥐	0	𞤥𞤫𞤸𞤪𞤫	mehre
𞥑	1	𞤺𞤮𞤮	go’o
𞥒	2	𞤯𞤭𞤯𞤭	ɗiɗi
𞥓	3	𞤼𞤢𞤼𞤭	tati
𞥔	4	𞤲𞤢𞤴𞤭	nayi
𞥕	5	𞤶𞤮𞤱𞤭	jowi
𞥖	6	𞤶𞤫𞥅𞤺𞤮𞤮	jeego’o
𞥗	7	𞤶𞤫𞥅𞤯𞤭𞤯𞤭	jeeɗiɗi
𞥘	8	𞤶𞤫𞥅𞤼𞤢𞤼𞤭	jeetati
𞥙	9	𞤶𞤫𞥅𞤲𞤢𞤴𞤭	jeenayi
𞥑𞥐	10	𞤧𞤢𞤨𞥆𞤮	sappo

Pular counts in fives: 6 to 9 are “five and one” to “five and four” (𞤶𞤮𞤱𞤭 𞤫 𞤺𞤮𞤮 became 𞤶𞤫𞥅𞤺𞤮𞤮). After ten, add the unit with 𞤫 (“and”): 11 is 𞤧𞤢𞤨𞥆𞤮 𞤫 𞤺𞤮𞤮. Twenty is 𞤲𞤮𞥅𞤺𞤢𞤴𞤭; 30 to 90 use 𞤷𞤢𞤨𞥆𞤢𞤲𞤯𞤫 plus a number (30 is 𞤷𞤢𞤨𞥆𞤢𞤲𞤯𞤫 𞤼𞤢𞤼𞤭). 100 is 𞤼𞤫𞥅𞤥𞤫𞤣𞤫𞤪𞤫, hundreds are 𞤼𞤫𞥅𞤥𞤫𞤯𞥆𞤫 plus a number; 1,000 is 𞤱𞤵𞤤𞤵𞥅𞤪𞤫, thousands are 𞤺𞤵𞤤𞤵𞥅𞤶𞤫 plus a number. Big numbers go from largest to smallest, joined by 𞤫.

Type a number to see it in ADLaM digits and words.

Number (0 – 9,999)

Practice

Which digit is 7?
How do you say 12?
What is 𞤶𞤫𞥅𞤲𞤢𞤴𞤭?
How do you say 1,200?

Lesson 8

Introducing yourself 𞤖𞤮𞤤𞥆𞤭𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤢𞤺𞤮𞤤

Paté introduces himself

Practice

𞤖𞤮𞤲𞥆𞤮 𞤄𞤢𞥄𞤦𞤢 𞤆𞤢𞥄𞤼𞤫 𞤭𞤲𞥆𞤫𞤼𞤫𞥅؟
𞤖𞤮𞤲𞤼𞤮 𞤩𞤫 𞤸𞤮𞤯𞤭؟
𞤖𞤮𞤤 𞤲𞤮 𞤳𞤮𞤼𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮 𞤆𞤢𞥄𞤼𞤫 𞤮𞤲 𞤭𞤲𞥆𞤫𞤼𞤫𞥅؟
How do you say “Good afternoon”?

Lesson 9

The family 𞤇𞤫𞤴𞤲𞤺𞤵𞥅𞤪𞤫 𞤲𞤣𞤫𞤲

One	Many	English
𞤥𞤮𞥅𞤣𞤭	𞤥𞤮𞥅𞤣𞤭𞤩𞥆𞤫	husband
𞤩𞤫𞤴𞤲𞤺𞤵	𞤩𞤫𞤴𞤲𞤺𞤵𞥅𞤤𞤭	wife
𞤺𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮	𞤺𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤩𞤫	spouse
𞤩𞤭𞤯𞥆𞤮	𞤩𞤭𞤩𞥆𞤫	child
𞤥𞤢𞥄𞤥𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮	𞤥𞤢𞥄𞤥𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤩𞤫	grandparent
𞤨𞤢𞤼𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮	𞤨𞤢𞤼𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤩𞤫	grandmother
𞤧𞤮𞤪𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮	𞤧𞤮𞤪𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤩𞤫	grandfather
𞤲𞤫𞥅𞤲𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮	𞤲𞤫𞥅𞤲𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤩𞤫	mother
𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤦𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮	𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤦𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤩𞤫	father
𞤳𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮	𞤳𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤩𞤫	maternal uncle
𞤴𞤢𞥄𞤴𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮	𞤴𞤢𞥄𞤴𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤩𞤫	aunt
𞤦𞤢𞤨𞥆𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮	𞤦𞤢𞤨𞥆𞤭𞤪𞤢𞥄𞤩𞤫	paternal uncle

Malal’s family

Practice

What does 𞤩𞤭𞤯𞥆𞤮 mean?
Which word means “mother”?
What is the plural of 𞤩𞤫𞤴𞤲𞤺𞤵?

Lesson 10

Days, months and seasons 𞤙𞤢𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤯𞤫 𞤫 𞤤𞤫𞤦𞥆𞤭

The days of the week

Pular	From Arabic	English
𞤢𞥄𞤩𞤵𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤫	𞤼𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤲	Monday
𞤥𞤢𞤱𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤪𞤫	𞤼𞤢𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤼𞤢	Tuesday
𞤲𞤶𞤫𞤧𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪𞤫	𞤢𞤤𞤢𞤪𞤦𞤢	Wednesday
𞤲𞤢𞥄𞤧𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤫	𞤢𞤤𞤳𞤢𞤥𞤭𞤧𞤢	Thursday
𞤥𞤢𞤱𞤲𞤣𞤫	𞤶𞤵𞤥𞤢	Friday
𞤸𞤮𞤪𞤦𞤭𞤪𞥆𞤫	𞤢𞤧𞤫𞤱𞤫	Saturday
𞤪𞤫𞤬𞤦𞤭𞤪𞥆𞤫	𞤢𞤤𞤢𞤼	Sunday

The months

Pular	English
𞤅𞤭𞥅𞤤𞤮	January
𞤕𞤮𞤤𞤼𞤮	February
𞤐𞤦𞤮𞥅𞤴𞤮	March
𞤅𞤫𞥅𞤯𞤼𞤮	April
𞤁𞤵𞥅𞤶𞤮	May
𞤑𞤮𞤪𞤧𞤮	June
𞤃𞤮𞤪𞤧𞤮	July
𞤔𞤵𞤳𞤮	August
𞤅𞤭𞤤𞤼𞤮	September
𞤒𞤢𞤪𞤳𞤮	October
𞤔𞤮𞤤𞤮	November
𞤄𞤮𞤱𞤼𞤮	December

The seasons

Pular	Months	English
𞤦𞤭𞤬𞤭	𞤅𞤭𞥅𞤤𞤮 · 𞤕𞤮𞤤𞤼𞤮 · 𞤐𞤦𞤮𞥅𞤴𞤮	Cool season
𞤷𞤫𞥅𞤯𞤵	𞤅𞤫𞥅𞤯𞤼𞤮 · 𞤁𞤵𞥅𞤶𞤮 · 𞤑𞤮𞤪𞤧𞤮	Dry season
𞤲𞤣𞤵𞤲𞤺𞤵	𞤃𞤮𞤪𞤧𞤮 · 𞤔𞤵𞤳𞤮 · 𞤅𞤭𞤤𞤼𞤮	Rainy season
𞤣𞤢𞤦𞥆𞤵𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤫	𞤒𞤢𞤪𞤳𞤮 · 𞤔𞤮𞤤𞤮 · 𞤄𞤮𞤱𞤼𞤮	Harvest season

Practice

Which day is Friday?
What does 𞤶𞤢𞤲𞤺𞤮 mean?
Which month is January?
Which is the rainy season?

Lesson 11

Grammar: pronouns and verbs 𞤅𞤫𞤤𞥆𞤵𞤳𞤢

Subject pronouns (simple)

Pular	Latin	English
𞤥𞤭	mi	I
𞤢	a	you
𞤮	o	he / she
𞤫𞤲	en	we (including you)
𞤥𞤫𞤲	men	we (not you)
𞤮𞤲	on	you (plural or polite)
𞤩𞤫	ɓe	they

Subject pronouns (compound, with 𞤲𞤮)

Pular	English
𞤥𞤭𞤯𞤮	I am / I have
𞤢𞤯𞤢 (𞤸𞤭𞤯𞤢)	you are
𞤮𞤥𞤮 (𞤸𞤭𞤥𞤮)	he / she is
𞤫𞤯𞤫𞤲 (𞤸𞤭𞤯𞤫𞤲)	we are (including you)
𞤥𞤫𞤯𞤫𞤲	we are (not you)
𞤮𞤯𞤮𞤲 (𞤸𞤭𞤯𞤮𞤲)	you are (plural)
𞤫𞤩𞤫 (𞤸𞤭𞤩𞤫)	they are

Object pronouns (after the verb)

Pular	English
𞤤𞤢𞤥 / 𞤥𞤭	me
𞤥𞤢𞥄	you
𞤥𞤮	him / her
𞤫𞤲 / 𞤥𞤫𞤲	us
𞤮𞤲	you (plural)
𞤩𞤫	them

Emphatic pronouns (often after 𞤳𞤮, “it is”)

Pular	English
𞤥𞤭𞤲	me, myself
𞤢𞤲	you, yourself
𞤳𞤢𞤲𞤳𞤮	him / her, himself
𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤲 / 𞤥𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤲	us, ourselves
𞤮𞤲𞤮𞤲	you, yourselves
𞤳𞤢𞤥𞤩𞤫	them, themselves

Verbs (𞤳𞤵𞥅𞤺𞤭𞤲𞤫)

In the infinitive, every Pular verb ends in 𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤 (active: 𞤻𞤢𞥄𞤥𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤 to eat, 𞤶𞤢𞤲𞤺𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤 to study), 𞤢𞤺𞤮𞤤 (reflexive, the subject acts on itself: 𞤶𞤮𞥅𞤯𞤢𞤺𞤮𞤤 to sit down), or 𞤫𞤺𞤮𞤤 (passive: 𞤴𞤭𞤯𞤫𞤺𞤮𞤤 to be loved). Some roots take all three: 𞤤𞤮𞥅𞤼𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤 to wash, 𞤤𞤮𞥅𞤼𞤢𞤺𞤮𞤤 to wash oneself, 𞤤𞤮𞥅𞤼𞤫𞤺𞤮𞤤 to be washed.

Practice

Which pronoun means “they”?
What does 𞤃𞤭𞤯𞤮 𞤻𞤢𞥄𞤥𞤵𞤣𞤫 mean?
Which ending is reflexive?
Which means “to be washed”?